Decentralized Urban Runoff Management with Emphasis Upon On-Site Runoff Pollution Reduction: A Systematic Review

Document Type : Review

Authors

1 Water and Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

2 Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

3 Department of Water Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sciences and Research, Tehran, Iran.

4 Department of Urban Management and Urban Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

5 Systems Engineering, Morgan State University, United States.

6 6. Department of Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Energy and Sustainable Resources Engineering. Faculty of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Urban development has resulted in an increase in impermeable surfaces, and consequently, volume and peak discharge of surface runoff. In Addition, it perturbs the natural water cycle, including reduced pervious surfaces and increased surface runoff volume. Urban development engenders multifaceted issues, encompassing urban flood, degradation of surface water and groundwater quality, and a drop in groundwater levels. Conventional urban runoff management has usually adhered to a centralized approach, relying upon the construction of structural elements such as concrete channels to divert runoff. In recent decades, in order to diminish the deleterious impacts of urbanization, modern and decentralized methodologies have been introduced to mitigate the peak flow, volume, and pollution load of urban runoff by restoring the natural hydrological conditions before urban development. In different countries around the world, these strategies have been introduced and implemented by different terminologies, such as low-impact development, green infrastructure, sustainable urban drainage systems, water-sensitive urban design, and sponge cities. This research seeks to study the pioneering decentralized approaches of urban runoff management, introducing their benefits and comparing their efficacy in controlling contaminated runoff. Moreover, the challenges and limitations of each approach are discussed. By investigating the experiences of pioneering countries and successful projects, the feasibility of deploying these strategies and also the optimal conditions for the implementation of each approach in the metropolises of Iran are precisely assessed. Decision-makers and urban planners can benefit from this research in order to apply these approaches in Iranian cities, notably the expansive metropolis of Tehran. Reviewing the existing global and national experiences in this field shows that, in general, none of the Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Low Impact Developments (LIDs) techniques can alone meet all the goals of runoff management. Examining different scenarios of combining low-impact development methods using modeling is necessary to choose the most effective and economic scenario according to the characteristics of the study area. SWMM and SUSTAIN are among the widely used modeling tools in this field. Finally, the use of various decentralized techniques in each region should be based on observing all the technical principles and criteria related to their design, implementation, maintenance, and exploitation. In this context, reviewing the guidelines of different regions of the world can be helpful, but local studies should be done to evaluate the effectiveness of the discussed approaches, especially in terms of reducing the types of pollutants present in the runoff entering the facility.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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